Many crop producers in the Upper Midwest are coming off one of their best years ever in 2015, as far as corn and soybean yields are concerned. In addition, many farm operators in the same region that are enrolled in the new Ag Risk Coverage (ARC-CO) farm program option recently received a significant ARC-CO payment on their 2014 corn crop, and some producers also received an ARC-CO payment on their 2014 soybean crop. These two factors are leading some farm operators to be overly optimistic about crop income expectations for 2016, and are also resulting in some landlords being unwilling to reduce high cash rental rates for the 2016 crop year.
Many farm operators in several portions of Minnesota, Iowa, and South Dakota had 2015 corn and soybean yields that were 10-20 percent above their 10-year crop insurance actual production history (APH) yields in 2015. To use these high yield levels as a planning tool for 2016 is just as big of a mistake as using the lower crop yields from 2014 for planning purposes. It is best to use the updated 10-year APH yields, or other sources of verifiable historical yield data, to make projections for 2016.
It is also important to remember that the ARC-CO farm program payments that farm operators recently received were for yield losses and price reductions from the 2014 corn and soybean crop. The farm program payments in the current Farm Bill are not guaranteed from year-to-year, as they were for nearly two decades prior to the current farm program. Based on the likelihood of higher than normal average corn and soybean yield levels in most counties in the Upper Midwest for 2015, the likelihood of receiving significant ARC-CO payments for the 2015 crop year will be far less, compared to the 2014 crop year. Any 2015 ARC-CO payments would not be made until October, 2016.
Cash corn and soybean prices dropped earlier in 2015, and have remained fairly low in the past few months. The projected forward prices for the fall of 2016 do not show much improvement over current price levels, and there is some concern that prices could drop even lower next year. Cash corn prices in Southern Minnesota are currently near $3.30-$3.40 per bushel, and cash soybean prices are near $8.00-$8.20 per bushel, with even lower prices in Western Minnesota and the Dakotas. Comparable new crop prices for the fall of 2016 are very similar to the current cash corn and soybean prices. Many of the current cash rental rates were established when projected corn prices prior to planting were $4.00-$5.00 per bushel, and projected soybean prices were well above $10.00 per bushel.
Average crop input expenses for corn and soybean production in Southern Minnesota, excluding land costs, rose about 20-30 percent from 2011 to 2013, primarily due to increases in seed and fertilizer costs. Fertilizer costs declined slightly in 2014 and 2015, while most other input costs were about steady from previous years. Some experts are projecting total cash expenses for corn production to decrease slightly for the 2016 crop year; however, production costs are highly variable from farm to farm, depending on fertility level, availability of livestock manure, and farm operator efficiency.
The tight cash flow margins in crop production for the 2016 crop year are causing some concern for farm operators, as they negotiate land rental rates for the 2016 crop year. The very tight, or even negative profit margins for next year’s crop, are also a concern for ag lenders, as they begin to re-finance crop producers for the 2016 crop year. Some farm operators will need to do some serious evaluation before agreeing to pay very high land rental rates for 2016, which could lead to some large financial losses for their farm operation.
Revenue protection (RP) crop insurance policies have been a very good risk management tool for crop producers in recent years. The RP policies protect against reduced crop revenues, due to a combination of lower than expected yields and dropping grain prices. RP insurance policy guarantees are based on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) futures prices for December corn and November soybeans in the month of February. Based on current CBOT price levels, the RP base price for the 2016 crop year for corn would be just over $4.00 per bushel, compared to $4.15 per bushel in 2015, $4.62 per bushel in 2014, and $5.65 per bushel in 2013. The current base price estimate for 2016 soybeans would be about $8.75 per bushel, compared to $9.73 per bushel in 2014, $11.36 per bushel in 2014, and $12.87 per bushel in 2013.
A farm operator that usually carries an 80 percent RP crop insurance policy on corn, and has a 190 bushel per acre APH corn yield, would have had a revenue guarantee of $858.80 per acre in 2013 and $702.24 in 2014, compared to an estimated guarantee of only about $608.00 per acre in 2016. Similarly, a soybean producer that usually carries an 80 percent RP policy, and has a 50 bushel per acre APH soybean yield, had a revenue guarantee of $514.80 per acre in 2013 and $454.40 per acre in 2014, compared to an estimated guarantee near $350.00 per acre for 2016. If higher land rental rates for 2016 are still at 2013 and 2014 levels, a crop producer is incurring considerable more financial risk in 2016, compared to the risk levels of the past several years.
An alternative for farm operators and landlords to consider for 2016 may be to enter into a “flexible cash rent agreement,” which sets a reasonable “base rental rate” that is based on average crop yields, typical production costs, and projected 2016 prices. A “flexible lease” would have provisions to increase the final annual rental rate in the event of exceptional crop yields and/or higher than anticipated crop prices in 2016. These final cash rent adjustments should be based on actual crop yields and/or crop market prices in the fall of 2016, with any rental rate adjustments occurring on the final land rental payment for the year. If the “base rental rate” is set higher than realistic breakeven levels for the farm operator, the flexible lease will not be very effective to address the added financial risk.
